{"id":216188,"date":"2025-11-26T15:22:05","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T14:22:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educelec.com\/?p=216188"},"modified":"2025-12-29T09:59:36","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T08:59:36","slug":"la-commande-electronique-des-moteurs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educelec.com\/en\/la-commande-electronique-des-moteurs\/","title":{"rendered":"La Commande \u00c9lectronique des Moteurs \u2013 Convertisseurs & Variateurs"},"content":{"rendered":"

L’\u00e9volution des installations industrielles et des syst\u00e8mes automatis\u00e9s a rendu indispensable l’utilisation de convertisseurs \u00e9lectroniques pour la commande des moteurs. Ce cours pr\u00e9sente, de mani\u00e8re simple et pratique, les diff\u00e9rents types de convertisseurs utilis\u00e9s pour contr\u00f4ler les moteurs \u00e9lectriques, que ce soit en courant continu ou en courant alternatif.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

1. Introduction \u00e0 la Commande \u00c9lectronique des Moteurs<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

L’\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique est distribu\u00e9e sous forme <\/span><\/span>alternative 50 Hz<\/span><\/span><\/strong> , mais de nombreuses applications industrielles ant\u00e9rieurement \u00e0 d’autres formes d’\u00e9nergie :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n

    Les tensions persistent.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Variable de fr\u00e9quence,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Tension variable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Pour cela, on utilise des <\/span><\/span>convertisseurs statiques<\/span><\/span><\/strong> , qui permettent de transformer la nature de cette \u00e9nergie sans machines tournantes. <\/span><\/span>
    La commande \u00e9lectronique des moteurs est l’application la plus importante de l’\u00e9lectronique de puissance, notamment avec l’usage g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9 des <\/span><\/span>variateurs de vitesse<\/span><\/span><\/strong> en industrie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    2. Classification des convertisseurs statiques<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

    Un convertisseur statique modifie la <\/span><\/span>tension<\/span><\/span><\/strong> , la <\/span><\/span>forme d’onde<\/span><\/span><\/strong> ou la <\/span><\/span>fr\u00e9quence<\/span><\/span><\/strong> d’un signal \u00e9lectrique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    On distingue quatre grandes familles :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u27a4 <\/span><\/span>Convertisseur alternatif \u2192 continuer : Redresseur<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Transformez l’AC en DC (diodes ou thyristors).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u27a4 <\/span><\/span>Convertisseur continu \u2192 continu : Hacheur<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Permet d’obtenir une tension continue variable.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u27a4 <\/span><\/span>Convertisseur continu \u2192 alternatif : Onduleur<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Produit une tension AC \u00e0 fr\u00e9quence variable (utilis\u00e9e dans les variateurs de moteurs asynchrones).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u27a4 <\/span><\/span>Convertisseur alternatif \u2192 alternatif : Gradateur<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Fait varier la tension AC sans changer la fr\u00e9quence (d\u00e9marreurs \u00e9lectroniques, variation de luminosit\u00e9, chauffage\u2026).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n

    3. Commande des moteurs \u00e0 courant continu (MCC)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

    Les moteurs \u00e0 courant continu sont aliment\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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    • \n

      De <\/span><\/span>redresseurs command\u00e9s<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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      De <\/span><\/span>hacheurs<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      De <\/span><\/span>batteries + hacheurs<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u2726 <\/span><\/span>Pourquoi les hacheurs ?<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

      Parce qu’ils permettent une variation <\/span><\/span>lisse, stable et efficace<\/span><\/span><\/strong> de la tension moyenne d’alimentation, donc <\/span><\/span>de la vitesse<\/span><\/span><\/strong> du moteur.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Le hacheur permet \u00e9galement : <\/span><\/span>
      \u2714 le freinage \u00e9lectronique <\/span><\/span>
      \u2714 le fonctionnement r\u00e9versible (moteur \u2194 g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice) <\/span><\/span>
      \u2714 la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration d’\u00e9nergie<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n

      4. Commande des moteurs \u00e0 courant alternatif<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

      Les moteurs AC (asynchrones et synchrones) sont aujourd’hui les plus utilis\u00e9s voiture :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n

        Robustes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        Peu de moyens<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        N\u00e9cessitant peu d’entretien<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Ils sont aliment\u00e9s via :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        \u2713 <\/span><\/span>Gradateurs (d\u00e9marrage progressif)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        Pour r\u00e9duire la tension lors du d\u00e9marrage.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        \u2713 <\/span><\/span>Onduleurs \u00e0 fr\u00e9quence variable<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        Pour faire varier la <\/span><\/span>vitesse<\/span><\/span><\/strong> du moteur.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        \u2713 <\/span><\/span>Cycloconvertisseurs<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        Pour obtenir directement une fr\u00e9quence diff\u00e9rente (applications lourdes).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        \n

        5. Les redresseurs (AC \u2192 DC)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

        \u2714 <\/span><\/span>Redresseur non command\u00e9 (diodes)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        Simple, robuste, utilis\u00e9 lorsque la tension de sortie n’a pas besoin d’\u00eatre approvisionn\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        \u2714 <\/span><\/span>Redresseur command\u00e9 (thyristors)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

        Permet de <\/span><\/span>contr\u00f4ler la tension moyenne<\/span><\/span><\/strong> en jouant sur l’angle d’amor\u00e7age \u03b1.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

        Utilis\u00e9 pour :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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          Moteurs \u00e0 courant continu<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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          Puissances importantes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          Contr\u00f4le fin de la vitesse<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Les versions monophas\u00e9es ou triphas\u00e9es existent selon la puissance.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \n

          6. Les hacheurs (DC \u2192 DC)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

          Le hacheur agit comme un interrupteur tr\u00e8s rapide :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u2714 <\/span><\/span>Hacheur s\u00e9rie (buck)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

          Tension sortie < tension entr\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u2714 <\/span><\/span>Hacheur parall\u00e8le (boost)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

          Tension sortie > tension entr\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \u2714 <\/span><\/span>Hacheur r\u00e9versible<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

          Pour commander \u00e0 4 quadrants (marche \/ freinage \/ inversion).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          Application principale :<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

          Commande des moteurs \u00e0 courant continu<\/span><\/span><\/strong> , r\u00e9gulation fine de vitesse.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

          \n

          7. Les gradateurs (AC \u2192 AC)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

          Un gradateur permet de faire varier la <\/span><\/span>tension efficace<\/span><\/span><\/strong> d’une charge, \u00e0 fr\u00e9quence constante.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n

            2 thyristors t\u00eate-b\u00eache<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Ou 1 triac pour les puissances faibles<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Applications :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n

              D\u00e9marreurs progressifs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              Chauffage industriel<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              Variation de puissance sur charges r\u00e9sistives<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n

              8. Les onduleurs (DC \u2192 AC)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

              Les onduleurs sont essentiels dans les <\/span><\/span>variateurs de vitesse<\/span><\/span><\/strong> pour moteurs asynchrones.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

              Types d’onduleurs :<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n
                \n
              • \n

                Demi-pont<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Pont complet<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Triphas\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

              • \n

                Commande MLI (PWM)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Avantages :<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

                \u2714 fr\u00e9quence variable <\/span><\/span>
                \u2714 tension variable <\/span><\/span>
                \u2714 fonctionnement proche du sinuso\u00efdal <\/span><\/span>
                \u2714 excellent contr\u00f4le du moteur<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                \n

                9. Variateurs de vitesse pour moteurs AC<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

                Le variateur d\u00e9livre au moteur une tension et une fr\u00e9quence contr\u00f4l\u00e9es. <\/span><\/span>
                Le principe le plus utilis\u00e9 est :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                \ud83d\udc49 Le rapport U\/f constant<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

                Pour conserver le <\/span><\/span>flux magn\u00e9tique constant<\/span><\/span><\/strong> , donc le <\/span><\/span>couple nominal<\/span><\/span><\/strong> , on fait varier :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                Uf=constante\\frac{U}{f} = \\text{constante} <\/span><\/span><\/span>f <\/span><\/span><\/span>U<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> \u200b=<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> constante<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \n

                  En dessous de 50 Hz : U et f augmentent proportionnellement<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                • \n

                  Au-dessus de 50 Hz : U atteint sa limite \u2192 le couple diminue<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \n

                  Conclusion<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

                  La commande \u00e9lectronique des moteurs repose sur l’utilisation de convertisseurs statiques adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 chaque type de machine. <\/span><\/span>
                  Le technicien doit ma\u00eetriser :<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • \n

                    Les redresseurs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    Les hacheurs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    Les gradateurs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    Les onduleurs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    Le principe U\/f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                  • \n

                    Les diff\u00e9rents types de variateurs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Cette connaissance permet d’assurer : <\/span><\/span>
                    \u2714 un contr\u00f4le pr\u00e9cis des moteurs <\/span><\/span>
                    \u2714 des \u00e9conomies d’\u00e9nergie <\/span><\/span>
                    \u2714 un fonctionnement fiable des installations industrielles<\/span><\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    L’\u00e9volution des installations industrielles et des syst\u00e8mes automatis\u00e9s a rendu indispensable l’utilisation de convertisseurs \u00e9lectroniques pour la commande des moteurs. Ce cours pr\u00e9sente, de mani\u00e8re simple et pratique, les diff\u00e9rents types de convertisseurs utilis\u00e9s pour contr\u00f4ler les moteurs \u00e9lectriques, que ce soit en courant continu ou en courant alternatif. 1. Introduction \u00e0 la Commande \u00c9lectronique […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":217219,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-216188","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-electrotechnique","category-non-classe"],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa Commande \u00c9lectronique des Moteurs \u2013 Convertisseurs & Variateurs - Exercices et Solutions en Electricit\u00e9, Electronique, Electrotechnique et Automatisme industrielle<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/educelec.com\/en\/la-commande-electronique-des-moteurs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La Commande \u00c9lectronique des Moteurs \u2013 Convertisseurs & Variateurs - Exercices et Solutions en Electricit\u00e9, Electronique, Electrotechnique et Automatisme industrielle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"L’\u00e9volution des installations industrielles et des syst\u00e8mes automatis\u00e9s a rendu indispensable l’utilisation de convertisseurs \u00e9lectroniques pour la commande des moteurs. 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